3. Fats & Oils
- 2.25 X as much energy as carbohydrates
- most vegetable oils are used for human consumption ($ for livestock)
- reasons for using fats:
(a) increase caloric density
(b) control dust
(c) decrease wear & tear on equipment
(d) increase pelleting ease
(e) increase palatability
(f) uniform mix (decrease settling out)
(g) increase digestibility
4. Molasses
- most from sugar cane industry (also beet, citrus, & wood)- very palatable
- decrease dustiness
- binder for pelleting
- good carrier (urea)
- current research
5. Roots & Tubers
(roots = carrots & beets; tubers = penuts & potatoes)- mostly by-products
- used in limited amounts because of high-moisture
II. Proteinaceous Concentrates
A. General
1.
2.
When feeding high grain ratios to swine or poultry - 4 specific amino acids are of primary concern- Lysine
- Tryptophan
- Threonine
- Methionine
B. Non-Protein Nitrogen for Ruminants
1. Urea
a.
general rules (palatability & ammonia toxicity)- Not over 1/3 of total N in ration
- Not over 1% of diet or 3% of concentrate mix should be urea
- Not over 10 to 15% of the typical protein supplement
2. Biuret
- join 2 molecules of urea by heating (same precautions)C. Supplements of Plant Origin
-oil-meals-
1. Soybean Meal (SBM)
a.
- solvent extracted = 44-50% CP - standardized with hulls
- mechanically extracted - 41-44% CP
b.
Must be heated for maximum feeding effectiveness (destroy anti-trypsin factor)c.
SBM has become the universal yardstick2. Cottonseed Meal (CSM)
a.
b.
36-41% CP, quality is lowerc.
Contains gossypol which limits use for swine & poultry (cardiac disorder, yolk)d.
Satisfactory for ruminants3. Linseed Meal (LSM)
Fiber used to weave linen clotha.
flaxseed is processed for linseed oil - meal is by-productb.
limiting in both LYS & TRP; OK for ruminantsc.
Contains conditioning factor (mucin) ==> glossy hair coat, laxative effect4. Sunflower Meal
a.
5. Safflower Meal
Requires less water - oil is useda.
less palatable6. Rapeseed Meal
a.
b.
Canola (hybrid) contains lessc.
palatability is the big problem7. Peanut Meal
a.