III. Feeding Systems
A. Simplified VS Complex Ration
1. Swine diets can be more simplified because of ease of preparation
2. Corn & SBM + minerals + vitamins è to a more complex ration
3. Large operations may use complex rations because of least-cost
B. Complete Dirt (Self-Fed) VS Free Choice
1. Complete self-fed diet provides better control of nutrient intake than free choice and results in faster gains
C. Limit Feeding
1. Discussed in breeding herd section
2. Not really suitable for growing-finishing pigs
D. Liquid Feeding (2-3 part water : 1 part DM)
1. No real benefits, may increase palatability for young pigs
E. Pelleting
1. Advantages for the complete diet
a) decrease feed wastage
b) less storage space required
c) better control of nutrient intake
d) improved palatability
e) increased intake
2. Increased cost
F. High Moisture Corn
1. Pig will usually consume the HMC and under-consume the supplement è inbalanced diet
2. A complete or mixed diet using HMC cannot be stored in an aerobic self feeder
G. Whole Soybeans trypsin inhibitor decreasing protein degradation; heating denatures it.
1. If cooked may be suitable for gestating/lactating sows, - but not grower finisher pigs
2. Whole SB have more fat (energy) - ~19%
3. but less protein (37%) need to balance for CP
IV. Miscellaneous
A. Synthetic Amino Acids
1. Pig really requires amino acids & not protein per se.
2. When SBM gets expensive, interest in alternatives
a) Supplement LYS and reduce protein req. by 2%
b) if protein is reduced by 3% the 2nd AA becomes limiting
(1) THR in corn/SBM
(2) TRP in milo/SBM
c) Future will be determined by prices
B. Dietary Interactions
1. Amino acid supplementation
2. Corn & raw soybeans (corn - 77%; SB - 20%)
a) Add LYS, THR, & TRP (.2-.1%)
b) = corn/SBM (82%/16%)
c) New variety without trypsin inhibitor
BEEF RATIONS
Brood cows and stockers in the southeast
I. Breeding Herd
A. Cows
- a live calf from each cow each year should be the goal. Approximatelty 285 days/ year the cow is pregnant, which leaves ~80 days to recover from calving, come into heat, and conceive. First calf heifers may take longer, therefore may need to breed 20 days earlier.
Nutrition has a large impact on breeding. Critical needs are from 30 days before calving to 70 days after calving. ==>
100 day needs = needs of the other 265 days
1. Summer
- Early to mid is adequate innutrients provided by forages
- Late summer is usually characterized by periods of drought = poor quality forage
- spring calving herd - ¯ weaning weights
-fall calving herd - sell weaned calves before this time??
2. Winter
- Forage quantity is lacking
- Use of low-cost feedstuffs
a) hay
b) silage
c) by-products
- molasses
- broiler litter = excreta, bedding, spilled feed, & feathers
- Broiler Litter
A. Selling of Broiler Litter
- governed by individual states
- MS
B. Feeding to Cattle
1. Public perception - organic grown veggies
2. Nutritional Value - Highly variable
- amount of dirt (soil)
- # of broods between cleaning
a) moisture - 12 % too dusty; 25% flows poorly
b) energy - low (50% TDN)
c) CP ~25%; NPN, other, insoluble
d) CF ~25%; but particle size is small
e) Ash (10-50%)
best index
bucket of water
C. Processing and Storing Broiler Litter
to eradicate pathogenic bacteria
- heat (140 to 150 oF) 60 to 65.5 oC
- composting
- deepstacking
- ensiling
D. Advantages
1. Inexpensive
2. Abundant
3. High in CP
E. Disadvantages
1. Highly variable in ash
2. Public perception
3. Abusive on equipment