B. Non-Protein Nitrogen for Ruminants

1. Urea - used by rumen microbes to synthesize protein

a. general rules (palatability & ammonia toxicity)

- Not over 1/3 of total N in ration

- Not over 1% of diet or 3% of concentrate mix should be urea

- Not over 10 to 15% of the typical protein supplement

2. Biuret - join 2 molecules of urea by heating (same precautions)

C. Supplements of Plant Origin

-oil-meals- processing (heat or crush) improves palatability, color, and increases availiability of some amino acids (over-cooking can destroy amino acids)

1. Soybean Meal (SBM)

a. Most widely used in the U.S.

- solvent extracted = 44-50% CP - standardized with hulls

- mechanically extracted - 41-44% CP

b. Must be heated for maximum feeding effectiveness (destroy anti-trypsin factor)

c. SBM has become the universal yardstick

2. Cottonseed Meal (CSM)

a. Southern U.S.

b. 36-41% CP, quality is lower

c. Contains gossypol which limits use for swine & poultry (cardiac disorder, yolk)

d. Satisfactory for ruminants

3. Linseed Meal (LSM) Fiber used to weave linen cloth

a. flaxseed is processed for linseed oil - meal is by-product

b. limiting in both LYS & TRP; OK for ruminants

c. Contains conditioning factor (mucin) ==> glossy hair coat, laxative effect

4. Sunflower Meal

a. Wide range in CP and Fiber content

5. Safflower Meal Requires less water - oil is used

a. less palatable

6. Rapeseed Meal

a. contains erucic acid (heart lessions) & myrosinase enzyme (goiter) Heat process

b. Canola (hybrid) contains less

c. palatability is the big problem

7. Peanut Meal

a. Must be aware of aflatoxins

D. Supplements of Animal and Marine Origin

Supply different amino acids

1. Tankage - by-product of meat processing industry (50 - 60% CP). Processed under presure

2. Meat Scrap - more acceptable than tankage (45-55% CP) does not contain gut, tendons, or connective tissue

3. Blood Meal -Very high in CP with high escape value (ruminants) Low palitability

4. Fish Meal- over 90% in the U.S. is Menhaden (fat fish from Atlantic=>used for oil)

- excellent quality, Ca, P, B vitamins - escape value!!

5. Feather Meal

- high escape value for ruminants

- Low in HIS, LYS, MET, TRP

6. Milk Products - Very expensive

- dairy calves

- starter diets (swine)

E. Miscellaneous Protein Sources

1. Animal Wastes

Broiler Litter (will discuss later!!)

 

COMMON FEEDSTUFFS

(Roughages)

I. General

A. Seeded Pastures - receive >20 inches of rainfall/year or are irrigated. Eastern half of the U.S. & coast of Washington, Oregon and Northern California. 7 major species:

1) bahiagrass 3) orchardgrass 5) ryegrass 7) tall fescue

2) bermudagrass 4) reed canarygrass 6) smooth bromegrass

B. Native Pastures

receive <20 in. of rainfall annually, developed by natural selection, have exsisted for many years

II. Grasses

A. Warm-Season

1. bahiagrass - VERY aggressive, tolerent of low fertility, close grazing is desirable.

2. bermudagrass - common or hybrids; hay harvested at 4-6 wk intervals, close grazing

3. crabgrass - weed, annual, high quality, very responsive to N