D. Silage - product of acid fermentation of green crops that have been compressed & stored anaerobically

1. Needs

- proper moisture (50 to 70%)

- proper stage of maturity

- proper packing

- proper drainage

- exclude air

2. Making Silage

Phase 1- plant cells continue to respire; microbes use O2; CO2 & heat produced

Phase 2- acetic acid is produced (pH: 6.0 to 4.2)

Phase 3- lactic acid foramtion begins and acetic acid formation decreases

Phase 4- lactate production continues for 10 to 14 days, temperature gradually �, bacterial action ceases (pH ~ 4.0)

Phase 5- silage constant; if pH not low enough - butyric acid production! L

 

II. Processing Feedstuffs (WHY)

A. Grinding

1. Hammermill

2. Burrmill (more uniform grind, pass between two plates)

B. Dry Rolling

1. Compressed between two rollers (flake)

C. Pelleting

1. Made with combination of heat, moisture, & pressure

D. Heat Treatment

1. Steam Rolling (crimping; not much improvement over dry rolling) - short term exposure to steam

2. Steam Flaking (long term exposure to steam), alters starch, feed becomes more digestible (cereal smell - quite pleasant)

3. Preasure Flaking (more expensive)

4. Roasting (puffed & slightly carmalized product)

5. Extruding (heat & presure à forced through a hole makes a ribbon à breaks into flakes

6. Popping (700-800oF for 15 to 30 seconds)

7. Micronizing (exposed to microwaves, expands - but doesn�t pop)

E. High Moisture Harvesting (25 to 30% moisture)

1. No ADG effect

2. Feed efficiency is improved

F. Reconstituted High Moisture Grain

1. Add H2O to dry grain to á moisture to 25-30%

2. May improve feed efficiency but not as much as high moisture harvesting (leaching??)

G. Acid Preserved High Moisture Grain

1. Preserve with organic acids (acetic:propionic or propionic) thouroughly blended with high moisture grains. Prevents mold growth.

 

Balancing Rations
A)  Formulate a swine diet containing 20% CP using corn and soybean meal.  As-fed basis.

1)  From packet:  Corn = 8.8% CP
SBM = 45.7% CP 2)  X = % corn
     100 - X = % SBM 3)   .088(X) + .457(100 - X) = 20
    .088(X) + 45.7 - .457(X) = 20
    -.369(X) = 20 - 45.7
  X = 69.65 4)  Final Diet
69.65%  Corn
30.35%  SBM B)  Prepare 1 ton of a swine diet containing 16% CP from corn and a mixture of SBM and meat tankage (3 parts SBM to 1 part tankage).  As-fed basis. 1)  From Packet:  Corn = 8.8% CP
SBM = 45.7% CP
Tankage = 47.2% CP 2)  Determine CP content of SBM/tankage mix.
3(45.7) + 1(47.2)  = 46.075% CP in mix
          4 3)  X = lbs Corn
     2000 - X = lbs Mix 4)  .088(X) + .46075(2000 - X) = 320
   X = 1613.68 5)  Final Diet
1613.68 lbs Corn
 289.74 lbs SBM
   96.58 lbs meat meal tankage

C)  Fixed Ingredients:  Formulate 1 ton of a cattle diet that contains 12.5% CP.  The diet will contain 17% oats and 3% of a vitamin/mineral premix as fixed ingredients.  Remainder of the diet will be corn and cottonseed meal.  As-fed basis.

1)  Amount of fixed ingredient and CP from each.
2000 X .17 = 340 lbs oats   X .091 = 30.94 lb CP
2000 X .03 =  60 lbs v/m pmx X 0 = 0 lb CP     
                                         400 lbs                     30.94 lbs CP

2)  Need 250 lbs CP
           - 30.94
            219.06 lbs CP still needed from corn and CSM

3)  X = lbs Corn
     1600 - X = lbs CSM

4)  .088(X) + .443(1600 - X) = 219.06
       -.355X = -489.74
              X = 1379.55

5)  Final Diet
         1379.55 lbs Corn
           220.45 lbs CSM
  340 lbs Oats
   60 lbs Vit/Min Premix