3. Fats & Oils

- 2.25 X as much energy as carbohydrates

- most vegetable oils are used for human consumption ($ for livestock)

- reasons for using fats:

(a) increase caloric density

(b) control dust

(c) decrease wear & tear on equipment

(d) increase pelleting ease

(e) increase palatability

(f) uniform mix (decrease settling out)

(g) increase digestibility

4. Molasses - most from sugar cane industry (also beet, citrus, & wood)

- very palatable

- decrease dustiness

- binder for pelleting

- good carrier (urea)

- current research

5. Roots & Tubers (roots = carrots & beets; tubers = penuts & potatoes)

- mostly by-products

- used in limited amounts because of high-moisture

II. Proteinaceous Concentrates

A. General

1. Protein quality is important (amount & ratio of amino acids)

2. When feeding high grain ratios to swine or poultry - 4 specific amino acids are of primary concern

- Lysine

- Tryptophan

- Threonine

- Methionine

B. Non-Protein Nitrogen for Ruminants

1. Urea - used by rumen microbes to synthesize protein

a. general rules (palatability & ammonia toxicity)

- Not over 1/3 of total N in ration

- Not over 1% of diet or 3% of concentrate mix should be urea

- Not over 10 to 15% of the typical protein supplement

2. Biuret - join 2 molecules of urea by heating (same precautions)

C. Supplements of Plant Origin

-oil-meals- processing (heat or crush) improves palatability, color, and increases availiability of some amino acids (over-cooking can destroy amino acids)

1. Soybean Meal (SBM)

a. Most widely used in the U.S.

- solvent extracted = 44-50% CP - standardized with hulls

- mechanically extracted - 41-44% CP

b. Must be heated for maximum feeding effectiveness (destroy anti-trypsin factor)

c. SBM has become the universal yardstick

2. Cottonseed Meal (CSM)

a. Southern U.S.

b. 36-41% CP, quality is lower

c. Contains gossypol which limits use for swine & poultry (cardiac disorder, yolk)

d. Satisfactory for ruminants

3. Linseed Meal (LSM) Fiber used to weave linen cloth

a. flaxseed is processed for linseed oil - meal is by-product

b. limiting in both LYS & TRP; OK for ruminants

c. Contains conditioning factor (mucin) ==> glossy hair coat, laxative effect

4. Sunflower Meal

a. Wide range in CP and Fiber content

5. Safflower Meal Requires less water - oil is used

a. less palatable

6. Rapeseed Meal

a. contains erucic acid (heart lessions) & myrosinase enzyme (goiter) Heat process

b. Canola (hybrid) contains less

c. palatability is the big problem

7. Peanut Meal

a. Must be aware of aflatoxins

D. Supplements of Animal and Marine Origin

Supply different amino acids

1. Tankage - by-product of meat processing industry (50 - 60% CP). Processed under presure

2. Meat Scrap - more acceptable than tankage (45-55% CP) does not contain gut, tendons, or connective tissue

3. Blood Meal -Very high in CP with high escape value (ruminants) Low palitability

4. Fish Meal- over 90% in the U.S. is Menhaden (fat fish from Atlantic=>used for oil)

- excellent quality, Ca, P, B vitamins - escape value!!

5. Feather Meal

- high escape value for ruminants

- Low in HIS, LYS, MET, TRP

6. Milk Products - Very expensive

- dairy calves

- starter diets (swine)

E. Miscellaneous Protein Sources

1. Animal Wastes

Broiler Litter (will discuss later!!)