COMMON FEEDSTUFFS
(Concentrates)
I. Carbonaceous Concentrates
A. Cereal Grains
- contain large quantities of carbohydrates, most are processed in some manner ===> creates by-products (less than 20% CP; less than 18% fiber: high energy, low fiber, low CP)
1. Corn
widely used, very little used for humans in U.S. (Mexico mainly)
Very low in Ca, LYS, & TRP
Yellow VS White; (cryptoxanthin = Vit. A precursor), U.K. prefers white
2. Sorghum Grain (Milo)
95-98% corn - must be processed for acceptable digestibility value for mono. - higher than corn in CP, but variable (8 - 12%)
85 - 90% corn - drought resistant value for rumin. - tannins, (toxic factor, affect CP digestion)
3. Oats
85% corn - very palatable high fiber (good for horse)
- oat groats (hulled oats) are equal to corn
4. Barley
88-90% corn - limited use for swine and poultry (fiber) for ruminant - most is used in the brewing industry
80% for mono. - high fiber (good for horse)
These 4 grains consitute most of the feed grains fed !
5. Rye
- least palatable
- ergot contamination (fungal toxin) = Salem witches were probably from this
- also used in brewing & distilling industries
6. Wheat & Rice
- mostly consumed by humans
105% corn - milling by-products used for livestock & wheat is when priced competitively (contaminated or damaged)
7. Millet & Triticale
-rye X wheat hybrid
- very minor used
- speciallty markets (millet = bird seed)
B. Grain Milling By-Products
- most grains are milled to prepare for human consumption
- by-products are used extensively for animal feed
1. Corn Milling
a. Wet
100 # of corn will yield
3.6 # oil |
67 # starch |
3.8 # germ meal |
5.3 # gluten meal |
7.1 # steep liquor |
12.2 # gluten feed |
1 # lost |
|
b. Dry
- separate hull, germ and endosperm; from these make grits, flakes, meal, flour, oil, and feeds
2. Wheat Milling
- several passes through grinders, sifters, purifiers. Approx. 72% of starting amount ends up as flour & rest as animal feed
- Wheat middlings, Wheat bran, screenings, shorts
3. Rice Milling
Rough or Paddy rice à grain à brown rice à inner bran (polishings) screeings are small broken pieces
4. Oat Milling
- Separated into groats and hulls
5. Barley Milling and Malting
- milling is similar to others; malting = wetted & germinated under strict conditions (minimize loss) à dried to stop growth à used in brewing industry
C. Other High-Energy Feeds
1. Sprouted Grains
- adverse moisture during harvesting - unsuitable for milling
- factors to consider:
(a) possible presence of molds
(b) moisture content ($/#)
(c) storage problems
2. Whole Cottonseed
- very high energy (~95% TDN) also 24% CP
- to mature ruminants only (gossypol)
- lactating dairy cattle (4 to 7 #/cow/day - especially in hot weather)
- Beef cattle
- weaned calves <4 #/hd/day
- yearlings <6 #/hd/day
- mature cows up to 7 #/day
Feeding to male ruminants, gossypol is an inhibitor of spermatogenesis, all cotton is not created equal (seeds more concentrated than hulls)