COMMON FEEDSTUFFS

(Concentrates)

I. Carbonaceous Concentrates

A. Cereal Grains - contain large quantities of carbohydrates, most are processed in some manner ===> creates by-products (less than 20% CP; less than 18% fiber: high energy, low fiber, low CP)

1. Corn widely used, very little used for humans in U.S. (Mexico mainly)

Very low in Ca, LYS, & TRP

Yellow VS White; (cryptoxanthin = Vit. A precursor), U.K. prefers white

2. Sorghum Grain (Milo)

95-98% corn - must be processed for acceptable digestibility value for mono. - higher than corn in CP, but variable (8 - 12%)

85 - 90% corn - drought resistant value for rumin. - tannins, (toxic factor, affect CP digestion)

3. Oats

85% corn - very palatable high fiber (good for horse)

- oat groats (hulled oats) are equal to corn

4. Barley

88-90% corn - limited use for swine and poultry (fiber) for ruminant - most is used in the brewing industry

80% for mono. - high fiber (good for horse)

These 4 grains consitute most of the feed grains fed !

5. Rye

- least palatable

- ergot contamination (fungal toxin) = Salem witches were probably from this

- also used in brewing & distilling industries

6. Wheat & Rice - mostly consumed by humans

105% corn - milling by-products used for livestock & wheat is when priced competitively (contaminated or damaged)

7. Millet & Triticale -rye X wheat hybrid

- very minor used

- speciallty markets (millet = bird seed)

B. Grain Milling By-Products

- most grains are milled to prepare for human consumption

- by-products are used extensively for animal feed

1. Corn Milling

a. Wet

100 # of corn will yield

3.6 # oil

67 # starch

3.8 # germ meal

5.3 # gluten meal

7.1 # steep liquor

12.2 # gluten feed

1 # lost

 

b. Dry - separate hull, germ and endosperm; from these make grits, flakes, meal, flour, oil, and feeds

2. Wheat Milling - several passes through grinders, sifters, purifiers. Approx. 72% of starting amount ends up as flour & rest as animal feed

- Wheat middlings, Wheat bran, screenings, shorts

3. Rice Milling

Rough or Paddy rice à grain à brown rice à inner bran (polishings) screeings are small broken pieces

4. Oat Milling

- Separated into groats and hulls

5. Barley Milling and Malting - milling is similar to others; malting = wetted & germinated under strict conditions (minimize loss) à dried to stop growth à used in brewing industry

C. Other High-Energy Feeds

1. Sprouted Grains

- adverse moisture during harvesting - unsuitable for milling

- factors to consider:

(a) possible presence of molds

(b) moisture content ($/#)

(c) storage problems

2. Whole Cottonseed

- very high energy (~95% TDN) also 24% CP