LIPIDS
General:
organic compounds that contain C, H, OCarbohydrates = CH2O
Lipids = more reduced = more H, less O2
More reduced = more energy dense: 2.25 X more (9/4=2.25)
Most feeds contain less than 5% fat
Humans = ~18% fat : 18X 2.25 = 40% calories from fat.
* Ideal = < 30% calories should come from fat, animals not a problem, low fat diet anyhow.
Structure:
CH3(CH2)X
-COOHNon-polar, H3O insoluble
Carboxylic acid = polar, H3O soluble
Short chain:
less than 14 carbons
2 |
acetate |
CH3COOH |
3 |
propionate |
CH3CH2COOH |
4 |
butyrate |
CH3(CH2)2COOH = CH3CH2 CH2COOH |
Medium and long chain:
Almost all have even number of carbons
Most fatty acids are long chain
Saturated FA:
No double bond C (no p bonds) General formula = CH3(CH2)XCOOH
myristate |
C14:0 |
palmitate |
C16:0 |
stearate |
C18:0 |
Unsaturated FA:
palmitoleic |
C16:1 |
oleic |
C18:1 |
linoleic |
C18:2 |
linolenic |
C18:3 |
arachidonic |
C20:4 |
Essential FA:
Can not be synthesized by the body, therefore dietary requirement
linoleic
linolenic
arachidonic (the cat can not synthesize)
Dietary From:
Triglyceride (TG):
Di-:
glycerol + 2 fatty acidsMono-:
glycerol + 1 fatty acidPhospho-:
glyceride + 2 fatty acids + phosphateGlyco-:
CHO groupSulfo-:
SO4Lipoprotein:
contains protein1.
low density lipoprotein (LDL) = lipid, ¯ protein (bad cholesterol)2.
high density lipoprotein (HDL) = ¯ lipid, protein (good cholesterol)