VII.            Energy Needs (example)

A.     Caloric Requirements for Dogs (Metabolizable Energy); BW = body weight (lb)

1.      5-65 lb dog needs = BW(33-.25(BW)) = kcal/d

2.      á 65 lb dog needs = 18(BW) = kcal/d

B.     Variables

1.      Age

a.       +10% for dog 1 yr. Old

b.      + 30% for dog 6 mo. Old

c.       + 60% for dog 3 mo. Old

2.      Activity

a.       +25% for moderate activity

b.      + 60% for heavy activity (hunting dog)

3.      Fever

a.       +7% per degree above normal (102 oF)

4.      Preganncy & Lactation

a.       +20% conception to parturition

b.      +25% at parturition

c.       + 50% 2nd week of lactation

d.      + 75% 3rd week of lactation

e.       + 100% 4 th week of lactation

C.     ME content of Pet Food:

 

ME (kcal/g)

Digestibility (%)

Fat

9.4

92.5

CHO

4.2

80.0

CP

4.4

75.0

 

* Dry = 10% ash; Moist = 6% ash; Canned = 2.5% ash

           

Fat = 6% = 6g/100g X 9.4 kcal/g X .925 =

52.2 kcal/100g

CHO = 48% = 48g/100g X 4.2 kcal/g X .8 =

161.3 kcal/100g

CP = 16% = 16g/100g X 4.4 kcal/g X .75 =

52.8 kcal/100g

TOTAL =

266.3 kcal/100g

D.     Example

1.      A 65 lb dog with moderate activity. How much dog food to meet energy needs?

a.       65(33-(.25 X 65)) = 1088.75 kcal/d maintenance

b.      + (1088.75) X (.25) =  272.19 kcal/d activity

c.       TOTAL = 1088.75 + 272.19 = 1360.94 kcal/d

d.      (1360.94kcal/d)/(266.3 kcal/100 kg) = .51 kg = 1.12 lb/d (1.7% BW)

VIII.         Minerals

A.     Calcium and Phosphorus

1.      The proper ratio is 1.2:1

2.      Young and old dogs and cats need more of these minerals

3.      Calcium sources are bone meal, skim milk, alfalfa leaf meal

4.      Phosphorus sources are bone meal and meat scraps

5.      Appropriate Vit. D is needed

B.     Magnesium

1.      Deficiency symptoms in Dogs are hyperirritability and convulsions (tetany)

2.      Mg deficiency has not been  reported in cats

3.      Increase Mg in cat diets can lead to FUS (feline urologic syndrome)

a.       Mg salt (struvite) precipitated into the urine to form urinary calculi

b.      Obstruction of the urogenital tract (Urethra primarily) is seen

c.       Castrated male cats are more susceptible

d.      Increase Mg is NOT the ONLY factor

i                       Decreased water intake è concentrated urine

ii                     Meat diets produce acid urine, plant diet produce alkaline urine

iii                    Struvite is insoluble in pH ↑6.6 è precipitates out to form calculi

iv                   è diets with minimal meat and added grain products predispose cats to FUS

C.     Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium

1.      Not normally a problem

D.     Iron

1.      Does no need to be supplemented if meat products are in the diet

2.      If strict vegetarian diet, Fe needs to be added

E.      Trace Minerals

1.      Usually not a problem

IX.              Vitamins

A.     Requiremetns of Dogs and Cats are not well known

B.     The average well-balanced commercially available food has sufficient amounts

C.     Increased stress, exercise, etc. may increase water soluble vitamin needs

D.     Cats require up to 5 times the amount of B vitamins than dogs

E.      Vitamin A

1.      Deficiency in dogs can cause deafness

2.      Cats can not synthesize vitamin A from beta-carotene

a.       Need preformed Vit. A in diet, animal sources

i                       Liver, cod liver oil, retinyl acetate or palmitate

F.      Vitamin D

1.      Diets can contain ergosterol (D2) or calciferol (D3)

2.      Calciferol is more effective in dogs and cats than ergosterol

3.      Large Dogs (German Shepherd, Labradors, etc.) are more predisposed to

a.       rickets and osteomalacia

b.       irregular development of teeth, delayed eruption patterns

G.     Vitamin E

1.      Deficiency in cats can cause steatites (yellow fat disease)

H.     Vitamin K

1.      Most common needs above their ability to produce vit. K in the liver are for rodent poisoning

I.        B vitamins

1.      Most are met, if deficiency occurs it is as with any animal species

2.      Niacin in cereal grains is usually bound, and there fore needs to be supplied form other sources

a.       Dogs can synthesize niacin from tryptophan

b.      Cats can not synthesize niacin from tryptophan

3.      Cyanocobalamine (B12)

a.       Needed for red blood cell formation (carry O2 in the blood to lungs)

b.      Dogs undergoing training may need additional cobalamiane

i                       Sources are liver, milk, cheese, eggs, lean meat

X.                 Feeding

A.     Three Methods (All 3 have an appropriate time for using)

1.      Free-choice

a.       Most dogs consume 10 to 13 meals per day

b.      Most of these “meals” are consumed at night (nocturnal animals in the wild)

2.      Restricted - by time

3.      Restricted - by meal

B.     Orphans

1.      Homemade milk-replacers

a.       8 oz. fresh whole cow's milk

b.      + 1 egg yolk

c.       + 1 drop multiple infant vitamins

d.      + 2 tsp. corn oil

e.       + 2 - 3 drops cod liver oil

2.      Commercial milk replacers

3.      Feed 3-4 times/day, abdomen should be slightly enlarged but NOT over-distended

4.      Mix up enough for 48 hours at a time

a.       Divide into feeding proportions and store in refrigerator

b.      Warm to ~ 100oF before feeding

5.      Feed with bottle or stomach tube

a.       tube preferred (syringe + rubber tube - length from tip of nose to last rib)

XI.