Feedstuff = any material of natural or synthetic origin, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them (may or may not contain all the nutrients required by the animal)

Natural = corn, wheat, barley, oats

Natural processed = SBM, Alfalfa meal, wheat bran, corn gluten feed

Synthetic = crystalline amino acids (methionine, lysine HCl), vitamins (Vit. B12, thiamine HCl)

Diet = a combination of feedstuffs used to supply nourishment to the animal

Ration = the amount of a diet consumed by an animal in a 24-hr. period

 

Example: Mix a ton of feed

1844#

Corn

92.2% (Energy)

140#

SBM

7% (Protein)

2#

Vitamin Premix

.1%

14#

Mineral Premix

.7%

2000#

 

 

The steer is given 5 kg/day of the diet Þ This is the steers ration, or daily allowance

 

Supplement = feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritive balance of a diet and the performance of an animal (protein, vitamin, mineral)

Concentrate = feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains less than 18% crude fiber (SBM, corn, wheat)

Roughage = a feedstuff containing more than 18% crude fiber (fescue, straw, corn silage, bermudagrass hay)

 

Nutrient Classes in Nature:

1. Protein = amino acids linked together by peptide bonds (16% N)

2. Carbohydrates = simple = glucose; starch, fiber

3. Lipids = fats, glycerol backbone & 3 fatty acids – most concentrated form of energy (4, 4, 9 kcal/g for protein, carbohydrates, and fats, respectively)

4. Vitamins = fat soluble – A, D, E, K; H20 soluble – B complex & C

5. Minerals = Macro and Micro

6. Water = often forgot – cheapest to supply

7. Oxygen = not really a dietary nutrient

 

Proximate Analysis – used to evaluate nutritive content of feeds. Developed in 1860’s at the Weende Experiment Station, Germany.

1. Moisture = 100 oC

2. Ash = Muffle furance – burn – 400-600 oC

3. Kjeldahl N = protein (6.25 X %N) – Boil in H2SO4 – distill ammonia

4. Ether Extract = Fat, boil in ether, distill fat left

5. Crude Fiber = acid/base hydrolysis – boil in weak acid then weak base ® ~undigestible

6. N Free Extract = Calculated by difference, more readily available CHO’s

Plant Composition

Highly dependent upon function of the various parts.

Stem: = structural Þ contains cellulose and lignin – high CHO content

Leaves: = photosynthesis Þ requires enzymes – enzymes are proteins Þ leaves high in protein

Seeds: Germination and reproduction Þ storage site of nutrients

High in protein and energy

Surrounding the seed is a tough cellulose fiber

® grain sorghum (milo), corn, oats = crack, pop, roll, crimp, grind, etc. to increase digestibility

1. Cereal Grains: store energy as CHO (starch), corn wheat, barley

2. Oil-bearing Seeds: store energy as lipid (oil), soybean, cottonseed, penut