Nutrition

I. Definitions

A. Diet = feed mixture consumed by animals

B. Ration = amount of feed supplied for a specific time period (24 hr.)

C. Ingredient = constituent of the diet or feed material

D. Nutrient = chemical substance, required by the animal

What dos the animal require utilize???

II. Protein = (muscles, skin, hair, nails, hooves, enzymes, etc.)

A. Quality VS Quantity (AA profile)

B. Essential VS Non-Essential AA

C. PVT TIM HALL Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine

D. Feed tag “Protein” / “Crude protein” N X 6.25 = CP (» 16% N)

E. Non-Protein-Nitrogen contains N, but not as protein. Bacteria can use this N

F. Ruminants can utilize NPN, Swine & other monogastrics require dietary source of AA

III. Energy (CHO, Fat, & Protein (XS protein, or nrg deficient)

A. Carbohydrates (CHO)

1. Starch, cellulose, sugar, glucose, glycogen, etc.)

2. C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ ® 6H₂O + 686 Kcal (body traps ½ as ATP)

3. Most grains and roughage are 65-80% CHO

B. Lipids / Fats (Essential FA, Insulation, Cushion organ/joints, store energy, protect nerves)

1. Glycerol with three Fatty Acids

2. Fat is the most concentrated form of energy

a) 1 g CHO = 4 Kcal

b) 1 g protein = 4 Kcal fat is 2.25X more contentrated

c) 1 g fat = 9 Kal

3. Most diets contain <5% fat

4. Feed tag energy,

a) Nitrogen-Free-Extract (NFE), CHO that is easily digested

b) Crude fiber, CHO that is poorly digested

c) Ether Extract, fat

IV. Vitamins

A. Fat Soluble (A, D, E, K) Absorbed with fat

1. A = yellow grains & green grass, carotene is precursor, important for vision

2. D = synthesized in body, sunlight & precursor under skin, problem in confinement

3. K = Bacteria synthesize (ruminants), blood clotting)

4. E = muscle maintenance

B. Water Soluble (B’s & C) Absorbed with water

1. C = Animals can synthesize, except primates and guinea pig

2. B = All non-ruminants require, metabolic processes (enzymes and co-enzymes)

a) Horse and coprophagy

b) Feed tag = ADE, ruminants; ADEK for monogastrics

V. Minerals

A. Macro (Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S)

B. Micro (I, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Se, Mo)

C. Macro because required in larger amounts than micro

D. Functions: very numerous

1. Skeletal = 99% of Ca & 80% of P stored in body is in bone

2. Metabolism = Cofactors in most reactions in the body

E. Feed tag = Ash, or Organic Matter (100 – Ash%) and Ca, P, NaCl